【语法笔记】动词（1）虚拟语气

动词部分语法框架

• 动词时态
• 动词语气
  • 陈述语气 (indicative mood)
    • The rabbit ate the carrot
    • Did the rabbit eat the carrot?
  • 祈使语气 (imperative mood) ：用第二人称，用一般现在时态，去掉你，并保证动词原形
    • Rabbit, you eat the carrot.
    • You are quiet! -> Be quiet!
  • 虚拟语气 (subjunctive mood)
• 非谓语动词

虚拟语气用于非真实条件句（主观意愿）

从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生一种不可能获得的结果。

与现在事实相反

谓语格式： 条件句：过去式 主句：would do

• If I see the rabbit now, i will bite him. If I saw the rabbit now, i would bite him.
• If i were her, i would give this video a thumbs-up.
  • 在虚拟语气中，不管主语是第几人称，be动词一律用were，不能用was
• If i got married in the UK, i would expect a present, but if I got married in Italy, I would have to give a present.
• In fact, it is certain that we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today.

在考试中，阅读中，只是看见句中有过去式，咱们还不能仅仅根据这一信息就直接推断他是过去发生的事情

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与将来事实相反（有的语法体系会将其说成条件语气：也就是可能性很小）

主句：would do

条件句：

1. 不太可能，但理论上不是完全没戏：（与“现在”形式差不多）

• If I had a million dollars next year, I would travel.
• If everyone decided to be clone, there would be a population explosion.
  • 这句话为什么是与将来事实相反？因为decide这个动作，在逻辑上永远指向“将来”。
  • 类似词语还有：plan intend mean（意欲）, wish hope expect, suggest propose recommend, promise guarantee swear, arrange shedule appoint.
• 其实【现在】例句中的第三个也可以理解为将来。

2. 幻想时间。绝对不可能，天方夜谭：

• If I were to have a billion dollars next year, I would travel to mars.
• If things were to be done twice, all would be wise.

3. 如果真发生了会很出乎意料 - should+动原（这里的should是shall的过去式）：

• If it should rain tomorrow, we wold cancel the picnic.
• if i see the rabbit now tomorrow, i will would bite him.

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——如果我在后悔过去没做某件事呢？

与过去事实相反

如果我说 if i saw the rabbit a few days ago… 岂不是和1的虚拟语气形式一样了吗？ 所以要用这种形式 条件句：had done 主句：would have done

• if i saw the rabbit a few days ago, i would bite him.
• if i had seen the rabbit a few days ago, i would have bitten him.
• Well, if you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking about!
  • 为什么它不是错综时间条件句？虽然know这个状态现在也可能存在，但是这个知道的动作发生的时间点，是被虚拟条件指向了10分钟前。
• I would have scored achievement if I had not wasted my valuable time.

错综时间条件句

• If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.
• If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better.
• 这些句子中从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

注意事项

与条件状语从句的区别

1. 条件状语从句（真实条件句）

主将从现：如果条件满足，将来很可能发生 If I study hard, I will get good grades. If you don’t hurry, you will miss the bus.

2. 虚拟语气（非真实条件句）

时态倒退：表示假设、幻想或不可能。

省略

1. 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时， if可省略

• Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.
• Had he known about computer knowledge, we would have hired him to work here.

2. 含蓄条件句（没有直接给出假设情况的条件）

• I would have come to see you, but i was too busy.
• I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.

3. 有时在虚拟条件句中主从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。

• You could have passed this exam.
• If I were at home now.

虚拟语气用于宾语从句（愿望/请求/建议/命令）

wish

wish是希望，hope也是希望；但wish可能性小（hope比较中性）—— 表示一种没有实现或完全不可能实现的愿望

1. 对现在的愿望： wish did

• i wish that i were a rabbit
• if i were a rabbit, i would eat a carrot
• i wish you were here

2. 对过去的愿望：wish had/would have done

• i wish i had eaten the carrot

3. 对将来的愿望：wish would/could/might/should do

• i wish i could eat the carrort

would rather / had rather / would sooner

后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望

1. 过去： had done

• i would rather that you hadnt eaten the carrot.

2. 现在/将来：did （be用were）

• i would rather that you didnt eat the carrot.

demand, suggest, insist, order + should do

• i demand you should(省略) give me a carrot.

• i demanded you should give me a carrot.

• i suggest you should eat a carrot.

• it is suggested that you should eat a carrot.

• the suggestion is that you should eat a carrot.

• it is time that you ate a carrot.