英语语音与连读规则总结
1. 基础要素
- 语音
- 节奏
- 断句/停顿——意群划分
- 强调/弱读
- 语气
- 语调
2. 连读 (Liaison)
(1) 连音 (Catenation)
- 辅音结尾 + 元音开头单词
- all of it (o le vit)
- in an instant (i ne nin stent)
- 9068 (nign no sick sate)
(2) 加音 (Intrusion)
- 元音结尾 + 元音开头单词
- 中间加上为了使发音连贯的过渡音
- 可能性 1:加 /w/
/u:/,/u/,//,/u/+元音
- just do it → just do w it
- who is → who w is
- too often → too w often
- 可能性 2:加 /j/
/i:/,/i/,/ei/,/ai/,/oi/+元音
- I am → I am / I am
- she asked → she asked
- 可能性 3:加 /r/(英音)
//,/a:/,/o:/+元音
- the idea of → the idea r of
- law and order → law r and order
- China and India → China r and India
- 可能性 1:加 /w/
/u:/,/u/,//,/u/+元音
(3) 同化 & 异化 (Assimilation & Dissimilation)
1 同化
- 逆行同化:前面音受后面音影响 (Regressive Assimilation)
- 无声除阻 (unreleased stop) - 不完全爆破
- be(d)time
- mi(d)night
- lo(ok) back (/k/ + 辅音)
- tha(t) job (/t/ + 辅音)
- goo(d) night (/d/ + 辅音)
- ※鼻除阻 (nasal release)
- bu(t)ton /tn/
- writ(t)en /tn/
- cert(a)in /tn/
- sudde(n)/ /dn/
- garde(n)/ /dn/
- 美式英语中的喉塞音 ʔ (glottal reinforcement)
- 有点像“啊”(随即哽噎住了)
- water letter
- ※舌侧除阻 (lateral release)
- bottle /tl/
- middle /dl/
- 浊音变清音 (devoicing)
- ha
ve/f/ to - o/f/ course
- ha
- 鼻化 (nasalization)
- i
n/ m/ person
- i
- 顺行同化 (Progressive Assimilation)
- 如复数结尾 s 的读音 (books /buks/ dogs /dogz/)
- 前后音互相作用(life force fish shop black coffee)
- 无声除阻 (unreleased stop) - 不完全爆破
融合 (Coalescence)
- last year
- /lɑːst jɪər/ → 同化融合:/t/ + /j/ = /tʃ/
- 同化辅音延长 (gemination)
2 异化
**异化 (Dissimilation)** * 送气音 (aspirated) -> 不送气音 (unaspirated) * 如 *stand* 中 s 后的 t、*spring* 中 s 后的 p、*special* 中 s 后的 t、*k p*(4) 省音 (Elision)
-
单词内省音
- 通常省音:different 读作 diff’rent
- 可选择:similar
- 必须/历史省音:debt (de /bt), know, write
-
单词间省音
- t 的省音:last year
-
d 的省音:an old man
-
h 的省音:tell her I love er
-
g 的省音:how’s you doin’**?
(5) 缩读 (Contraction)
- want to = wanna
- going to = gonna
- have got to = gotta
- out of = outta
- kind of = kinda
- a lot of = a lotta
- don’t know = dunno
- give me = gimme
- what are you = wotcha
- what do you = wadya
- what did you = wadja
(6)弱读 (Weak Forms)
介词
- and → ən
- for → fər
- from → frəm
- of → əv
- to → tə
连词
- and → ən
- but → bət
代词
- you → jə
- us → əs
- them → ðəm
- her → hər
助动词
- am → əm
- are → ər
- have → həv
- has → həz
- do → də
- does → dəz
- would → wəd
- could → kəd
- should → ʃəd
